The situation out-of Trafficking
Trafficking turned up into the political schedule immediately following pressure out of feminists and the fresh federal women’s plan institution. To start with, women was in fact trafficked of The southern part of China (notably Thailand as well as the Philippines), Latin The usa (Columbia together with Dominican Republic and you will Africa (Ghana); following fall of one’s Berlin Wall surface, change pathways managed to move on to help you Central and you can East European countries. Political needs was in fact identifying the new offense more generally to help you helps prosecution and raising the punishment away from 5 to 6 years, so offenders could be kept during the remand custody. The brand new articles regarding penal password towards people trafficking was changed inside 1993, which have an even more exact concept of the newest offense and higher punishment for traffickers (Outshoorn 2004a: 195). The new posts was in fact framed in a gender-simple way, and you can trafficking stayed identified as pushing a person on the prostitution.
In the parliamentary debates on trafficking around that period, foreign women were portrayed as victims of unscrupulous traffickers tricked into prostitution. This framing was tied into a discourse about the divide between the rich and poor countries: female prostitutes from the ‘Third World’ were driven by poverty. Gradually, a more insidious edge crept into this discourse when Christian Democrats in parliament linked trafficking to illegal migration, opening a space for ‘false’ victims, who used the loopholes in the law to work illegally as a prostitute in the Netherlands (HTK, 1991–1992, TK 81, pp. 4994, 4995, e time they also started to argue that all women from non-EU countries working in the sex industry were victims of forced prostitution. Therefore in their view, the best remedy to stop trafficking was to prevent non-EU women from working in the Dutch sex industry in the first place. This reasoning eradicated the figure of a woman migrant deciding to work as a sex worker in the West and who might make use of intermediaries to enter the country-with her consent. But then she was ‘illegal’ and ought to be deported.
Successive cabinets continued to refuse work permits on similar grounds, also arguing there was no national interest at stake which normally justifies extending work permits to non-EU persons. They were backed by a recurring majority in parliament; the parliamentary records show many references to the fear of foreign prostitutes entering the country which would subvert immigration policies. The fear resurfaced in the memorandum to the bill to lift the brothel ban, as one of the aims of the bill was to halt ‘the stream of foreign prostitutes’ (HTK 1996–97, 25437 (Opheffing Algemeen Bordeelverbod), no. 3 (Memorie van Toelichting), 1 July 1997, p. 13). The refusal to grant work permits was also generally justified by the aim of stopping the trafficking of women; permits would encourage traffickers to transport women into the country.
Categories of Sex Pros
Next implementation of the fresh operate triggered the development of zero below four categories of prostitutes. To begin with, you’ve got the ethnically undefined Dutch sex worker whom voluntarily chooses to be effective inside prostitution in fact it is new holder out of civil and you may public liberties. Subsequently, you’ll find the prostitutes from other Eu regions who will move easily inside and outside of Netherlands and you may operate in brand new sex industry. This category split up into two categories adopting the accession to forever escort Graz your Eu of your own Baltic Says, Poland, Hungary, brand new Czech Republic and Slovakia from inside the 2004, to make a 3rd class just who can only just legitimately behave as prostitutes once they was indeed separate sex professionals rather than team. In the 2007, sex workers regarding the the brand new Eu members was basically acknowledged on the an enthusiastic equivalent footing into the earlier European union representative professionals, nevertheless 3rd group is today full of sex specialists from Bulgaria and Romania whenever each other places inserted the fresh new European union because same season. Like their predecessors, these types of women can be permitted to become independent sex professionals, however, yet far less staff.
0 commentaire